Working Drawings

WORKING DRAWINGS

Working drawings and specifications are the main sources of information for supervisors and technicians responsible for the actual construction. The construction working drawing gives a complete graphic description of the structure to be erected and the construction method to be followed.

A set of working drawings
includes both general and
detail drawings. General
drawings consist of plans and
elevations; detail drawings
consist of sections and detail
views.

SITE PLANS

A site plan (also called a plot
plan) shows—

· Property lines and
locations.
· Contours and profiles.
· Building lines.
· Locations of structures to
be built.
· Existing structures.
· Approaches.
· Finished grades.
· Existing and new utilities
(such as sewer, water, and
gas).

Figure 1-5, page 1-5, shows a
typical site plan. Appropriate
outlines show the location of
each building. The new facility
can be located by referring to
the schedule of facilities on
the plan. The site plan has a
north-pointing arrow to
indicate site north—not
magnetic north. Each facility
has a number (or code letter)
to identify it in the schedule of
facilities. The contour lines
show the elevation of the earth
surfaces. (All points on a contour have the same elevation.)

Distances are given between principal details and reference lines. (The coordinate reference lines on the figure are centerlines of the roads surrounding the area.) All distances in a plan view simply give the horizontal measurement between two points; they do not show terrain irregularities. (The sizes of proposed facilities are given in the schedule of facilities.)

Examine the site plan shown in Figure 1-5 to see what information can be obtained from it. For example, the contour lines show that the ground surface of the site area slopes. The location and identification of each facility are given. Most of the facilities are spaced at least 60 feet apart, but the library (facility No. 3) and the recreation building (facility No. 4) are only 15 feet apart. The library is the smallest of the four buildings and is closest to the road- the east wall of the library is 20 feet from the centerline of the road, while the other buildings are 30 or 60 feet from the centerline.

ELEVATIONS

Elevations are drawings that
show the front, rear, or side
view of a building or
structure. Sample elevation
views are given in Figure 1-6,
page 1-6. Construction
materials may be shown on
the elevation. The ground
level (called the grade)
surrounding the structure
may also be shown. When
more than one view is shown
on a drawing sheet, each
view is given a title. If any
view has a scale different
from that shown in the title
block, the scale is given
beneath the title of that view.

The centerline symbol of
alternate long and short
dashes shows finished floor
lines The hidden line symbol
of short, evenly spaced
dashes shows foundations
below the grade line.
Note that Figure 1-6 shows
the footings are below grade.

Elevations show the locations and types of doors and windows. Each different type of window
shown in the elevations is marked; the three types of windows shown here are marked W-1, W-2,
and W-3. These identifying marks refer to a particular size of window whose dimensions are given
in a table known as the window schedule. In some cases, rough opening dimensions of windows
are given on the drawing. Note that the building shown here has two double doors on each side
and a double door at each end. The elevation also shows that at the end of the building with the
loading platform, the door is at the level of the stage floor; all the other doors are at grade level.

FLOOR PLANS

A floor plan is a cross-sectional view of a building. The horizontal cut crosses all openings
regardless of their height from the floor. The development of a floor plan is shown in Figure 1-7,
page 1-7.

A floor plan may show, among other things, the outside shape of the building; the arrangement,
size, and shape of the rooms; the type of material and the length, thickness, and character of the
building walls at a particular floor; the type, width, and location of the doors and windows; the
types and locations of utility installations; and the location of stairways. A typical floor plan is
shown in Figure 1-8, pages 1-8 and 1-9.

As you read the floor plan in Figure 1-8, note the features of the recreation building. The lines
with small circles show wiring for electrical outlets; appropriate symbols show the plumbing
fixtures. These features are important to the carpenter from the standpoint of coordination.

He may have to make special provisions, at various stages of construction, for the placement of
electrical or plumbing fixtures. Installation of these fixtures should be coordinated at the
appropriate time with the electrician, plumber, and foreman.

As you examine the floor plan, note that the interior of the building will consist of an auditorium,
a lobby with a post exchange (PX) counter, a men's toilet, a women's toilet, a projection room on a
second level above the lobby, two dressing rooms, and a stage. The stage may not be apparent but,
by noting the steps adjacent to each dressing room, it can be seen that there is a change in
elevation. (The elevation view, shown in Figure 1-6 shows the stage and its elevation.)

Note that on the floor plan (Figure 1-8, pages 1-8 and 1-9) all building entrance and exit doors are
the same type (1D) and all windows are the double-hung type. All interior single doors are the
same (2D), and two double doors (3D) open into the lobby from the auditorium. The projection
room will be reached via a 15-riser stairway located in a 12- x 18-foot room. Entrance to this room
will be from the auditorium through a single door opening into the room. At the top of the
stairway, a single door opens into the projection room. The wall of the projection room that faces
the stage (inside wall) has three openings. Note that no windows are shown for the side of the
building at the second level where the projection room is located, but windows are shown at the
main level.